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• French - F–10 Sequence: Levels 5 and 6 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 6, students use written and spoken French for classroom interactions and transactions, and to exchange personal ideas, experiences and feelings. They ask and answer questions in complete sentences in familiar contexts (Est-ce que je peux … ? Tu peux..… ?), using app...

  Level description | Languages | French | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6

• German - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 8, students use written and spoken German to interact with teachers, peers and others; to make decisions, solve problems and negotiate transactions; and to exchange and justify ideas, opinions and views. When interacting, they use both rehearsed and spontaneous language to...

  Level description | Languages | German | F–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8

• Hindi - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 description

  Students develop explicit knowledge of the forms and functions of language elements that some may already use fluently in their spoken language. Literacy development provides the opportunity not only to read and write the language but also to understand how it is formed and how it works. Students...

  Level description | Languages | Hindi | 7–10 Sequence

• Indonesian - F–10 Sequence: Levels 5 and 6 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 6, students use Indonesian to convey information about themselves, their family and friends, and daily routines and activities. They locate specific details and use familiar words and phrases to predict meanings in texts. They respond to and create texts such as descriptions...

  Level description | Languages | Indonesian | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6

• Indonesian - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 10, students interact with peers and adults using written and spoken Indonesian to communicate about personal interests and relationships, practices and experiences, and about broader issues such as health and the environment, including as these relate to Indonesia. They respond...

  Level description | Languages | Indonesian | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10

• Japanese - F–10 Sequence: Foundation to Level 2 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 2, students interact with the teacher and peers through play- and action-related language. They use formulaic expressions and appropriate gestures in everyday interactions such as exchanging greetings and farewells, for example, おはようございます、おはよう、こんにちは、さようなら、また、あした, thanking and...

  Level description | Languages | Japanese | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2

• Korean - F–10 Sequence: Foundation to Level 2 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 2, students interact with peers and teachers through play- and action-related talk, exchanging greetings and introducing themselves (for example, 안녕하세요?; 안녕?; 저는 ...이에요/예요 used as a set phrase) with gestures. They respond to question cues (such as 뭐예요?) by naming objects with...

  Level description | Languages | Korean | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2

• Turkish - F–10 Sequence: Foundation to Level 2 description

  Students' familiarity with the spoken form of Turkish supports their introduction to the written form of the language. They become familiar with the Turkish alphabet and writing conventions, and are introduced to the sound–letter correspondence of the 21 consonants and eight vowels that...

  Level description | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence

• Turkish - F–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 description

  Students continue to expand their range of vocabulary to domains beyond their personal experience and interests. They use a range of grammatical forms and language structures to convey more complex ideas and experiences, for example, by using reflexive, reciprocal, causative and passive verbal...

  Level description | Languages | Turkish | F–10 Sequence

• Turkish - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 9 and 10 description

  Students understand and use more elaborated grammatical structures, such as verb moods, auxiliary verbs and particles. They recognise and use different types of formal and informal honorific forms, such as Bey/Hanım, Amca/Teyze, Efendi, Ağa/Hanımağa, Sayın, Ağabey (Abi)/Abla, Hoca/Öğretmen...

  Level description | Languages | Turkish | 7–10 Sequence

• Vietnamese - F–10 Sequence: Levels 5 and 6 achievement standards

  By the end of Level 6, students use spoken and written Vietnamese for classroom interactions and to share ideas and opinions and express feelings. They exchange information about aspects of their daily life, school, friends and leisure activities. They make shared decisions and arrangements, organise...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | F–10 Sequence | Levels 5 and 6

• Vietnamese - 7–10 Sequence: Levels 7 and 8 description

  Students recognise and use features of the Vietnamese sound and writing systems, including tones and tone markers, and apply appropriate pronunciation and spelling rules in spoken and written texts. They apply elements of Vietnamese grammar to the production of texts, such as appropriate word...

  Level description | Languages | Vietnamese | 7–10 Sequence

• VCEALL787

  Use an extended range of cohesive devices to improve fluency

  Elaborations

  • using connectives to show contrast (‘however’, ‘nevertheless’, ‘although’), sequence (‘finally’, ‘subsequently’), adding (‘additionally’, ‘furthermore’) and consequence (‘therefore’, ‘consequently’)
  • using pronouns to refer to repeated ideas in a section of text, for example ‘The first reason … It is … This leads to …’
  • using complex prepositions to show relationships between ideas, for example ‘Among the causes …’, ‘Following the protests …’

  VCEALL787 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C4 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL691

  Use longer descriptive phrase

  Elaborations

  • using possessive pronouns, for example ‘Their habitats’, ‘Its colours’
  • including some simple quantifiers, such as ‘some’, ‘a few’, ‘many’, ‘any’; for example ‘Their few small habitats’
  • using an expanding range of adjectives as describers and qualifiers, for example ‘The bird’s unusual colours’
  • using adverbs and levels of possibility as modifiers to add detail to verbs, for example ‘He trains diligently’, ‘She will definitely succeed’

  VCEALL691 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C3 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL599

  Use simple cohesive devices to structure writing

  Elaborations

  • using common time and sequence markers to link and sequence ideas, such as ‘Yesterday we …’, ‘First we ... Then ... And then …’
  • using a small range of coordinating conjunctions (such as ‘and’, ‘but’), for example ‘I caught a bus and then I walked’
  • using some common subordinating conjunctions, such as ‘as’, ‘when’, ‘until’
  • using pronouns to maintain cohesion and avoid repetition, such as ‘Mary came to school early. She felt very tired’

  VCEALL599 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C1 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL441

  Understand the cohesion of ideas between and within paragraphs

  Elaborations

  • locating the topic sentence at the beginning of each paragraph, and finding the key words to identify the main idea
  • reordering sentences in a paragraph to follow a logical order of ideas and language
  • sequencing sentences using conjunctions of time (for example ‘then’, ‘next’, ‘first’, ‘after’) to make a cohesive paragraph
  • understanding items referred to by pronouns, and tracing these references through a text

  VCEALL441 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B3 | Reading and Viewing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL468

  Use a range of devices to maintain cohesion

  Elaborations

  • using conjunctions to show adding, cause, contrast or time, such as ‘When we went to the zoo the lions were sleeping. After lunch they woke up and then they roared’
  • using reference items to maintain cohesion, including pronouns (‘she’, ‘him’, ‘it’, ‘their’)
  • connecting ideas using a small range of conjunctions (‘so’, ‘and then’) and connectives (‘Therefore’, ‘In addition’)

  VCEALL468 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B3 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL309

  Sequence ideas simply, using short sentences or statements

  Elaborations

  • writing a series of short statements in time sequence, for example ‘I eat breakfast’, ‘I go to school’, ‘I read a book’
  • grouping together short sentences about the same topic, for example ‘Frogs are green’, ‘Frogs have big eyes’, ‘They eat insects’
  • using simple pronoun references to avoid repeating the subject in consecutive sentences, for example ‘Emma came to school early. She felt very tired’ and ‘Yesterday the class went … We went …’

  VCEALL309 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level B1 | Writing | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL559

  Use simple cohesive devices to link spoken text

  Elaborations

  • using some coordinating conjunctions (such as ‘and’, ‘but’) to connect clauses, for example ‘I caught a bus and then walked’
  • using some common subordinating conjunctions (such as ‘after’, ‘because’) to connect clauses, for example ‘After we ate lunch, we played a game’
  • using personal pronouns (such as ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’) as cohesive devices to connect ideas in spoken text, for example ‘My friend gave me a present. It was a book’

  VCEALL559 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C1 | Speaking and Listening | Linguistic Structures and Features

• VCEALL644

  Show awareness of how cohesive devices organise ideas

  Elaborations

  • locating in a text a small range of connectives (such as ‘then’, ‘so’), pronouns (such as ‘this’, ‘that’) and articles (such as ‘a’, ‘the’)
  • identifying how the use of related vocabulary (synonyms, antonyms or words related to a particular topic) can make connections between parts of a text
  • following the items referred to by reference items through a long text, for example ‘The movement of electricity through some metals can be converted to heat. This is an easy way to heat people’s homes, and the electricity needed to do this is not too expensive’

  VCEALL644 | Curriculum content | English as an Additional Language (EAL) | Level C2 | Reading and Viewing | Linguistic Structures and Features