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• VCDEU031

  Identify, comprehend and create a range of different text types, including simple narrative, informative and persuasive texts such as diary entries, letters, advertisements and articles, incorporating appropriate linguistic, textual and cultural elements

  Elaborations

  • applying knowledge of the interrelationship of audience, context and purpose and using knowledge of text types and their purpose to predict the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary in texts
  • identifying how grammatical choices, words and images combine in a text to achieve particular intentions and effects, for example, the positioning of the reader in advertisements through the use of personal pronouns, imperative/interrogative verb forms and emotive language and images
  • comparing German and English versions of texts with easily recognisable language features, such as love songs or recipes, noticing differences or similarities in imagery or focus that might be culturally significant
  • analysing structural and linguistic differences through reading, viewing, listening to and/or performing texts with common content, such as print, radio and television advertisements for the same product
  • understanding, creating and transforming texts with different purposes (to persuade, to entertain), different audiences (children, adolescents, German speakers, Australians) and different forms, including digital (short speech, blog)

  VCDEU031 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU030

  Extend grammatical knowledge, including of cases, demonstrative and interrogative adjectives, prepositions, common subordinating conjunctions, and past and future tenses, to describe, situate and link people, objects and events in time and place

  Elaborations

  • specifying a person, object or place using knowledge of the German case system (nominative, accusative and dative), and using definite and indefinite articles, personal pronouns (including man), and possessive, demonstrative and interrogative adjectives such as ihr, sein, unser, dieser, jeder and welcher
  • noticing use of the genitive case mainly in written texts, for example, Deutschlands Schulen, die Rolle der Frau, der Gebrauch des Genitivs
  • understanding the relationship between gender, article and case and the adjectival ending when describing people, objects, places and events, for example, Mein Freund hat lange, schwarze Haare und trägt einen kleinen Ohrring.; Es gibt kein groβes Einkaufszentrum in dieser Stadt.
  • selecting the correct personal pronoun for ‘it’ (er/sie/es; ihn) for objects, for example, Woher hast du den Hut? Er ist sehr schön. Ich habe ihn bei … gekauft.
  • comparing the meanings and use of the German modal verbs with their English equivalents, for example, Wir müssen eine Schuluniform tragen. Man darf hier nicht essen. Du musst das nicht essen.
  • describing current, recurring and future actions using regular, irregular, modal, separable and inseparable verbs, for example, Er sieht viel fern.; Ich muss meine Hausaufgaben machen.; Morgen ist unser letzter Schultag. Wir werden nächstes Jahr in der 11. Klasse sein.
  • describing past events and experiences in the present perfect and/or simple past tense using a limited range of common verbs, for example, Ich bin gestern Skateboard gefahren.; Als Kind trank ich gern Milch.
  • using reflexive verbs in present tense with their appropriate reflexive pronouns to describe daily routines and express emotions and interests, for example, Ich dusche mich morgens.; Interessierst du dich für Geschichte?; Wir freuen uns auf die Ferien.; Erinnerst du dich an … ?
  • noticing that some verbs can be combined with a separable or inseparable prefix which alters the meaning, for example, Er kommt um 17.15 Uhr.; Kommst du mit?; Ich bekomme manchmal Geld zum Geburtstag.
  • understanding and giving instructions, applying the different forms for single/plural addressees and informal/formal register, for example, Mach dein Buch zu, Angela! Freunde, helft mir! Hilf mir! Machen Sie das Fenster bitte zu, Frau Berger!
  • linking and sequencing events and ideas using a range of cohesive devices, including adverbs (dann, früher, danach, vorher) and common subordinating conjunctions (als, dass, obwohl, wenn, weil), usually with the subordinate clause after the main clause
  • expressing opinions using, for example, meiner Meinung nach; Ich glaube, dass ... ; Wir sind dagegen/dafür, denn ...
  • asking and answering questions using a range of interrogatives, including warum to elicit reasons and wozu to clarify purpose
  • understanding and applying the ‘verb as second element’ and ‘subject-time-object-manner-place’ (STOMP) word order rules for main clauses and realising that German word order is flexible, allowing other elements apart from the subject to begin the sentence, for example, Langsam verstehe ich mehr Deutsch.; In der Schule gibt es viele Umweltaktionen.
  • understanding and using dative and accusative prepositions with their core meanings, for example, Ich komme aus Australien.; Das Eis ist für mich.; Der Junge geht zum Bahnhof.
  • understanding the meaning of and using ‘two-way‘ prepositions (Wechselpräpositionen), for example, Wir gehen ins Kino.; Sie wohnen in der Schweiz.
  • making comparisons using a range of structures, for example, Ich esse lieber Salat als Fleisch. Welches Auto ist am sichersten?; Kaffee ist nicht so gesund wie Wasser. using appropriate units of measurement, for example, for height/length, area, time and velocity (Meter, Kilometer; Quadratmeter, Quadratkilometer; Jahrzehnt, Jahrhundert, Jahrtausend; Stundenkilometer)
  • extending metalanguage to communicate in German and English about case, word order, verb tenses and moods (for example, Dativ, Wechselpräpositionen, das Imperfekt, der Imperativ, Hilfsverben, trennbare Verben)

  VCDEU030 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 9 and 10 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCDEU012

  Recognise and use key features of the German sound system, including pronunciation, rhythm, stress and intonation, and identify main similarities and differences between the phonological and orthographic systems of English and German

  Elaborations

  • noticing and imitating German sounds, and developing awareness of letter–sound relationships, including distinctive sounds such as those represented by the letters ch, r, th, u and z; consonant blends and clusters such as sch; short and long vowel sounds and diphthongs such as au, ei, eu and ie; the impact of the Umlaut on a, o and u; and ß
  • applying German capitalisation rules to nouns and noticing that the capitalisation of the formal ‘you’ form Sie distinguishes it from sie (she/they)
  • understanding that β can only be used in lower case, otherwise SS, and that ä, ö and ü can be written as ae, oe and ue respectively, for example, in upper case signs or word puzzles such as crosswords
  • understanding the meaning and use of full stops and commas in German ordinal or decimal numbers, for example, die 8. Klasse; 9,50 Euro; 15.30 Uhr
  • learning to pronounce the German alphabet by singing das Alphabetlied, and using the German alphabet for spelling out names and other words
  • practising pronunciation of particular sounds and rhythms by saying tongue twisters, rhymes and short poems
  • recognising differences in intonation and rhythm between statements, questions and commands

  VCDEU012 | Languages | German | 7–10 Sequence | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELA190

  Recognise that different types of punctuation, including full stops, question marks and exclamation marks, signal sentences that make statements, ask questions, express emotion or give commands

  Elaborations

  • using intonation and pauses in response to punctuation when reading
  • reading texts and identifying different sentence-level punctuation
  • writing different types of sentences, for example statements and questions, and discussing appropriate punctuation

  VCELA190 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Writing | Language

• VCELA312

  Understand how to use banks of known words, syllabification, spelling patterns, word origins, base words, prefixes and suffixes, to spell new words, including some uncommon plurals

  Elaborations

  • learning that many complex words were originally hyphenated but have become ‘prefixed’ as in ‘uncommon’, ‘renew’ ‘email’ and ‘refine’
  • talking about how suffixes change over time and new forms are invented to reflect changing attitudes to gender, for example ‘policewoman’, ‘salesperson’; ‘air hostess’/‘steward’ or ‘flight attendant’

  VCELA312 | Curriculum content | English | Level 5 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA354

  Understand how to use banks of known words, word origins, base words, prefixes, suffixes, spelling patterns and generalisations to spell new words, including technical words and words adopted from other languages

  Elaborations

  • adopting a range of spelling strategies to recall and attempt to spell new words
  • using a dictionary to correct own spelling

  VCELA354 | Curriculum content | English | Level 6 | Writing | Language

• VCELA271

  Understand that successful cooperation with others depends on shared use of social conventions, including turn-taking patterns, and forms of address that vary according to the degree of formality in social situations

  Elaborations

  • identifying roles and collaborative patterns in students’ own groups and pair work (for example initiating a topic, changing a topic through negotiation, affirming other speakers and building on their comments, asking relevant questions, providing useful feedback, prompting and checking individual and group understanding)

  VCELA271 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Speaking and Listening | Language

• VCELA218

  Recognise most letter–sound matches including silent letters, trigraphs, vowel digraphs and common long vowels, and understand that a sound can be represented by various letter combinations

  Elaborations

  • recognising when some letters are silent, for example knife, listen, castle, and providing the sound for less common sound-letter matches, for example ‘tion’

  VCELA218 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELA177

  Understand concepts about print and screen, including how different types of texts are organised using page numbering, tables of content, headings and titles, navigation buttons, bars and links

  Elaborations

  • learning about how books and digital texts are organised including page numbers, table of contents, headings, images with captions and the use of scrolling to access digital texts

  VCELA177 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Reading and Viewing | Language

• VCELU114

  Recognise and reproduce the sounds and letters of the Greek alphabet, identifying how they are represented in words, and read vowel–consonant combinations, including the most common digraphs/diphthongs such as oυ and μπ

  Elaborations

  • building phonic awareness by pronouncing and writing alphabet letters with familiar sounds, for example, Οο, Ιι, Εε, Αα, Κκ, Ττ, Λλ, Ππ, Σσς, Μμ, Νν, Ηη, Υυ, Ωω, Ββ, Ζζ, Φφ, and building to more unfamiliar sounds, for example Γγ, Ρρ, Δδ, Θθ, Ξξ, Ψψ, Χχ
  • experimenting with sounds, rhythms, intonation and stress
  • noticing that there are 24 letters in the Greek alphabet with individual names and that there are upper case and lower case letters, seven vowels and 17 consonants, and that ‘ς’ (τελικό σίγμα) only appears on the ends of words
  • locating and highlighting specific alphabet letters and accent marks in names, and categorising names according to their first consonant
  • developing pronunciation and intonation skills by singing, reciting and repeating alphabet names in context, for example, songs
  • focusing on those letters that are different and initially difficult and correctly pronouncing words starting with the sounds Ψψ and Ξξ (ψάρι, ξύλο), recognising that these two sounds only appear in the middle or at the end of words in English
  • recognising and making simple syllables from vowel–consonant combinations, for example, μα, με, μη, μι, μο, μυ, μω and understanding that syllables can be joined together to make words such as α-λά-τι and μά-τι
  • recognising the most common digraphs, including ου as in μου and μπ as in μπαμπάς

  VCELU114 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Systems of language

• VCELU118

  Recognise that Australia has speakers of many different languages, including Greek, and that languages borrow words from each other and sometimes use the same alphabet symbols and vocabulary

  Elaborations

  • understanding that the 26 English alphabet letters (Latin/Roman alphabet), have their roots in the Ancient Greek alphabet, recognising the similar order of letters and comparing lower and upper case Greek and English alphabet letters
  • understanding that there are many everyday words and names in English that have Greek origins, for example, alphabet, Chloe, disco, echidna, eucalyptus, hippopotamus, mathematics, school, story, telephone, Timothy, Zoe
  • understanding that there are many technical/scientific words in English that have Greek origins, for example, astronaut, chemist, dentist, disc, physiotherapist, telescope, thermometer

  VCELU118 | Languages | Modern Greek | F–10 Sequence | Foundation to Level 2 | Understanding | Language variation and change

• VCELY187

  Read texts with familiar features and structures using developing phrasing, fluency, phonic, semantic, contextual, and grammatical knowledge and emerging text processing strategies, including prediction, monitoring meaning and rereading

  Elaborations

  • using contextual and semantic knowledge to make predictions about a text’s purpose and content
  • combining knowledge of context, meaning, grammar and phonics to decode text
  • recognising most high-frequency sight words when reading text
  • self-correcting when reading does not make sense, using pictures, context, meaning, phonics and grammatical knowledge
  • reading aloud with developing fluency and intonation

  VCELY187 | Curriculum content | English | Level 1 | Reading and Viewing | Literacy

• VCELY221

  Read familiar and some unfamiliar texts with phrasing and fluency by combining phonic, semantic, contextual and grammatical knowledge using text processing strategies, including monitoring meaning, predicting, rereading and self-correcting

  Elaborations

  • using prior and learned knowledge and vocabulary to make and confirm predictions when reading text
  • using grammatical knowledge to predict likely sentence patterns when reading more complex narratives and informative texts
  • using knowledge of sound–letter relationships and high-frequency sight words when decoding text
  • monitoring own reading and self-correcting when reading does not make sense, using illustrations, context, phonics, grammar knowledge and prior and learned topic knowledge
  • using grammar and meaning to read aloud with fluency and intonation

  VCELY221 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Reading and Viewing | Literacy

• VCELY244

  Listen for specific purposes and information, including instructions, and extend students’ own and others' ideas in discussions through initiating topics, making positive statements, and voicing disagreement in an appropriate manner

  Elaborations

  • using spoken language for problem solving, and exploring ideas and concepts
  • listening for specific information and providing two or more key facts from an informative text spoken or read aloud
  • listening to, remembering and responding to detailed instructions

  VCELY244 | Curriculum content | English | Level 2 | Speaking and Listening | Literacy

• VCELY256

  Read an increasing range of imaginative, informative and persuasive texts by combining phonic, semantic, contextual and grammatical knowledge, using text processing strategies, including confirming, rereading and cross-checking

  Elaborations

  • combining different types of knowledge (for example word knowledge, vocabulary, grammar, phonics) to make decisions about unknown words, reading on, reviewing and summarising meaning
  • analysing the way illustrations help to construct meaning and interpreting different types of illustrations and graphics
  • reading text types from own culture to enhance confidence in building reading strategies
  • reading aloud with fluency and intonation
  • integrating use of sound-letter knowledge, meaning and grammar patterns as well as a range of reading strategies, for example, confirming, rereading and cross-checking, to read a wide variety of text types in guided reading

  VCELY256 | Curriculum content | English | Level 3 | Reading and Viewing | Literacy

• VCELY287

  Read different types of texts for specific purposes by combining phonic, semantic, contextual and grammatical knowledge using text processing strategies, including monitoring meaning, skimming, scanning and reviewing

  Elaborations

  • reading new and different kinds of texts with the use of established word identification strategies, including knowledge of the topic and of text type together with self monitoring strategies, including rereading, self questioning and pausing, and self correction strategies such as confirming and cross-checking
  • reading aloud with fluency and expression
  • reading a wide range of different types of texts for pleasure

  VCELY287 | Curriculum content | English | Level 4 | Reading and Viewing | Literacy

• VCELY427

  Plan, rehearse and deliver presentations, selecting and sequencing appropriate content, including multimodal elements, to reflect a diversity of viewpoints, using voice and language conventions to suit different situations, modulating voice and incorporating elements for specific effects

  Elaborations

  • creating texts that express views and values other than own
  • researching subject matter on social issues and/or relationships and presenting ideas in particular ways to appeal to different audiences

  VCELY427 | Curriculum content | English | Level 8 | Speaking and Listening | Literacy

• VCGGC076

  Interpret maps and other geographical data and information to develop identifications, descriptions, explanations and conclusions, using geographical terminology including simple grid references, compass direction and distance

  Elaborations

  • constructing tables or graphs to show the similarities and differences between places, and discussing possible reasons for them
  • discussing and comparing how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples may represent places and their features visually, for example, in paintings and sand drawings, and identifying the symbols and patterns used.
  • comparing a range of thematic maps, for example, maps of relief, climate, vegetation, animals and bird life to find relationships
  • using geographical terms to explain relationships, for example between the environment and sustaining life
  • describing the relative location of different features in a place by distance and compass direction. For example, from their home to the local waste management site

  VCGGC076 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 3 and 4 | Geographical Concepts and Skills | Data and information

• VCGGK091

  Location of the major countries of Europe and North America, in relation to Australia and their major characteristics including the influence of people on the environmental characteristics of places in at least two countries from both continents

  Elaborations

  • using geographical tools, such as printed and electronic atlases, to identify the relative location of Europe and North America and their environmental characteristics
  • researching the changes made by people to a particular environment in one region in Europe or North America and comparing findings with other regions researched by students

  VCGGK091 | The Humanities | Geography | Levels 5 and 6 | Geographical Knowledge | Factors that shape places and influence interconnections

• VCGRCU008

  Understand concepts of accidence and syntax used in simple and compound sentences in Classical Greek, including parts of speech, case, gender, number, person, declension and conjugation, agreement and tense, mood, voice, participles and infinitives

  Elaborations

  • recognising that Greek verbs have variable endings that indicate person and number, for example, φέρω, φέρουσιν
  • conjugating -ω verbs in the present, future, imperfect and aorist tenses, active and middle, for example, λύω/λύομαι
  • conjugating contract verbs –εω, –αω in the present, future imperfect and aorist tenses, active and middle, for example, φιλῶ/φιλοῦμαι, τιμῶ/τιμῶμαι
  • using the imperative in the present and aorist tenses, active and middle, for example, σπεῦδε/σπεῦσον
  • using the infinitive and participles, active and middle, in the present, future and aorist tenses, for example, παύειν/παύων, παύσειν/παύσων, παῦσαι/παύσας
  • using the irregular verb ‘to be’ in the present, future and imperfect tenses, for example, εἰμἰ/ἔσομαι/ἦν
  • using the definite article to identify the number, gender and case of nouns, for example, αἱ ὁδοί, τούς δικαστάς
  • recognising that the definite article, nouns, pronouns and adjectives inflect to show number and case, for example, ὁ ἡμέτερος πατήρ, τὰ μικρὰ ἄροτρα
  • identifying the forms and functions of the nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive and dative cases of the definite article, nouns and pronouns, for example, τῶν πολιτῶν πολλοί (partitive genitive), τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ (dative of time when)
  • identifying the three declensions of nouns and adjectives, including variants:
    • first declension: ἡ κρήνη, ἡ οἰκία, ἡ θάλαττα, ὁ δεσπότης, ὁ νεανίας
    • second declension: ὁ ἀγρός, ἡ νῆσος, τὸ δένδρον
    • third declension: ὁ φύλαξ, τὸ ὂνομα, ὁ ἀνήρ, ἡ τριήρης, ἡ πόλις, ὁ βασιλεύς, τὸ τεῖχος
  • identifying forms of common irregular nouns, for example, ἠ ναῦς, ὀ βοῦς
  • identifying forms of common irregular adjectives, for example, μέγας/μεγάλη/μέγα, πολύς/πολλή/πολύ, πᾶς/πᾶσα/πᾶν
  • recognising agreement between adjectives and nouns in number, gender and case, for example, ἠ μακρὰ ὁδός, τοῦ ἀληθοῦς λόγου
  • recognising the comparative and superlative degrees of regular adjectives, for example, ἀνδρεῖος, ἀνδρειότερος, ἀνδρειότατος
  • identifying cardinal numbers εἷς/μία/ἕν to χίλοι/αι/α and μὐριοι/αι/α and ordinal numbers πρῶτος/η/ον to χιλιοστός, μυριοστός
  • identifying the forms and application of personal, interrogative, indefinite, demonstrative and relative pronouns, for example, ἐγώ/σύ, ἡμεῖς/ὑμεῖς, τίς/τί, τις/τι, οὗτος/αὕτη/τοῦτο, ὅς/ἥ/ὅ
  • distinguishing between prepositional phrases using the accusative, genitive and dative cases, for example, πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, πρὸς τῶν θεῶν, πρὸς τῇ νηί
  • forming positive, comparative and superlative adverbs from adjectives, for example, ἀληθῶς/ἀληθέστερον/ἀληθέστατα
  • analysing the functions of words in sentences from their inflected forms, such as subject + verb + complement, subject + verb + direct object, preposition + noun, for example, τὸ ἄνθος καλὸν ἐστίν. ὁ γεωργὸς τὸν κλῆρον σκάπτει. ὁ στρατὸς πορεύεται πρὸς τὰ τῆς πόλεως τείχη
  • recognising how word order may be different in Classical Greek, such as the use of the attributive and predicative position of the adjective to vary meaning, for example, ἡ καλὴ κόρη and καλὴ ἡ κόρη
  • recognising that adverbs, adverbial phrases and prepositional phrases can give important details about what is happening in a sentence, for example, νῦν, πρὸς τῇ θύρᾳ
  • learning strategies for building on prior knowledge and learning new grammar, for example, mnemonic devices, paradigms, drill exercises, online learning tools

  VCGRCU008 | Languages | Classical Greek | Levels 7 and 8 | Understanding | Systems of language