Indonesian: F–10 Sequence / Levels 9 and 10 / Understanding / Systems of language
Content description
Analyse complex noun and verb forms, and recognise when and how to use object-focus construction
Elaborations
describing people and things using, for example:
compound nouns (sayur-mayur, merah darah)
acronyms (puskesmas) and abbreviations (SMU, hp)
indicators of groups or plurals (kaum, para, kalian)
terms of address (Kak, Dik, Mas, Mbak, bang) and particles (diminutive Si and honorific Sang)
classifiers (buah, helai, potong, ikat)
expressing possession using word order, for example, siswa pertukaran, kartu telepon
describing the qualities of people and things using, for example:
adjectives using me-/me-kan (menarik, menakjubkan, mengesankan)
adjectives using the prefix pe- (to describe enduring attributes of behaviour or character: pemalu, pendiam, pemarah, pemalas)
comparatives (kurang, tidak begitu, agak, se-) and superlatives (ter-)
referring to abstract ideas by nominalising using prefixes and suffixes, for example, pe-an, per-an (pendidikan, pelajaran, pertandingan, pengetahuan), ke-an (kebersihan, kesehatan, kedatangan, kecantikan)
indicating action using, for example:
transitive verbs, me- verb system (-kan or -i suffix) in subject- and object-focus form (with di- prefix)
duplication of verbs (duduk-duduk, jalan-jalan, lihat-lihat)
adverbs as modifiers (kurang, cukup, cuma, agak, hanya, makin…makin, baik…maupun…)
recognising syntactic differences between subject- and object-focus construction, for example, Dia menjual minuman itu di toko-toko,Minuman itu dijual di toko-toko
referring to the past, present and future, and relating events in time using adverbs, for example, dulu, yang lalu, yang akan datang, dua minggu lagi
contrasting ideas using conjunctions, for example, sehingga, sementara, sedangkan, sambil, oleh karena itu, andaikata, jika, bila
indicating register using colloquial (for example, nggak, gimana, kok, deh, lho/lo) and formal language, for example, yang terhormat, sekian
expressing opinions, for example, yang saya rasa, saya lebih suka, lebih…dibandingkan…, pertama-tama…sekarang…
influencing others by persuading using superlatives (paling…, ter-), encouraging (cobalah, mari, ayo) and advising (sebaiknya, seharusnya, mesti)
evaluating by using, for example, pada pendapat saya, menurut saya, di satu pihak…di pihak lain…, sebaliknya
expressing imagination by using imagery (angin bertiup kencang, bunga-bunga berwarna-warni), metaphor (adalah; burung bernyanyi di pohon) and simile (Matanya seperti bintang kejora, Kata-katanya bagai air mengalir)
using idiomatic language, for example, idioms (masuk angin, panjang tangan) and proverbs (Datang sahabat, pulang saudara; Tak kenal maka tak saying; Ada gula ada semut)
maintaining interaction using rhetorical devices (for example, betul?, bukan?) and verbal fillers such as kalah saya tidak salah, omong-omong, begini…
expressing emphasis, for example, bukan main [adjective] nya
